his place within Israel (his Jewish identity, in anachronistic language to be sure). Whether or not the gentile church rests on the rejecting of Israel—one given up, the other substituted—is not at stake here.7 Nor do I mean to distinguish Paul from the rest of the Israel after the flesh or after the spirit in which he enjoyed kinship. I argue with Paul because I take him to be a formidable master of part of the Torah, the written part, just as generations of his heirs and continuators in Christianity